construction technique（英文翻译 英语高手帮忙翻译一下 翻译软件就请不要费劲了）

本文目录

• 英文翻译 英语高手帮忙翻译一下 翻译软件就请不要费劲了
• 谁能帮我翻译成英文
• Soil Nailing
• homo milk是什么意思

英文翻译 英语高手帮忙翻译一下 翻译软件就请不要费劲了

1、财务部门对资金使用环节的控制。以财务管理为中心的项目管理，加强财务管理，提高资金使用率，降低资金成本，财务部对资金使用过程中的管理控制尤其重要。
the financial department use of funds link control. With the financial management center for project management, strengthen financial management, improving capital utilization rate, reduce the cost of capital, finance use of funds management in the process of control is particularly important.2、物资设备部对资金使用过程中的管理。物资采购是项目资金使用的重点，它将占用项目60%（不同工程项目比例不同）资金的使用，因此，严格分类控制材料采购，配件的储存，实行采购公开招标，杜绝跑、冒、滴、漏管理混乱现象的发生，材料采购要“货比三家”，尽力采购物优价廉的材料，这样才能有效的降低了采购成本。与此同时将超储材料、配件及时处理，或确保质量的情况加以利用，以减少对资金占用带来的成本增加。
depot, materials management in the process of use of funds. Materials purchase is the key project funds are used, it will occupy the project 60% (different project to the different proportion) in the use of funds, therefore, strictly classified control material is purchased, accessories of storage, implement purchasing public bidding, put an end to run, run, drop, leakage management confusion happens, material procurement to "goods compares 3", try to purchase things choices, such ability cream materials effectively reduced purchasing cost. Meanwhile will ChaoChu materials, spare parts, or to ensure timely handling the quality of use, in order to reduce the cost of capital takes up bring increased.
3、施工技术管理。工程技术是体现优化施工、设计和优化生产要素计划配置的重要体现，搞好施工技术也是逐步实施施工现代化的前提。项目经理，技术管理人员在施工中要严格工程进度，保证工程质量，推广新技术、新工艺、新材料、新设备的技术控制，严抓工序循环的协调配置，以避免工程施工中增加成本费用开支。未完工程对项目资金同样也存在着影响，因此，抓管好、调节好未完工程是项目资金管理中极为重要的一环。
and the construction technology management. Engineering technique is embodied optimization construction, design and optimization allocation of factors of production plan important embodiment, do well construction technique is also gradually implement construction modern premise. The project manager, technical management personnel in construction should be strictly project schedule, ensuring the quality of projects and promotion of new technology, new technology, new material and new equipment technical control, strict process cycle of coordination configuration, to avoid the project construction cost and expenses. Unfinished project of project funds also exist effect, accordingly, grasp mind, adjust good unfinished project is project funds management is important one annulus.

谁能帮我翻译成英文

Peiking: China railway press 2009
railway construction,2009(9):97-100.

Soil Nailing

Introduction. Soil nailing consists of reinforcing the soil mass by the introduction of a series of thin elements called nails to resist tension，bending and shear forces. The reinforcing elements are made of steel round cross-section bars. Nails are installed sub-horizontally into the soil mass in a pre-bored hole，which is grouted. Figure 13. 1 shows typical applications in slopes and excavations.

Figure 13. 1 Typical applications for an existing slope or an excavation

Origin. Soil nailing is a shotcrete support tunnelling method developed in the late 1960s( Figure 13. 2) ，which consisting of the use of a flexible lining that enables soil deformation around the excavation which has been reinforced by means of bolting or nailing. An active zone is formed around the excavation and the lining is consequently subjected to reduced loading. This technique contrasts with the traditional tunnelling technique where a rigid lining was employed to prevent soil deformation and was subjected to full loading from ground pressures.

Figure 13. 2 Conceptual differences between rigid and flexible tunnel lining

Experience in residuals and saprolitic soils. The soil nailing construction sequence is similar to the Brazilian practice with tieback walls. They are constructed from the top with excavation stages ranging from 1 to 2 m. Thousands of such structures have been constructed throughout Brazil to stabilize slopes in residual soils，as reported by Ortigao et al.

The Geotechnical Engineering Office ( GEO) of Hong Kong extensively uses soil nailing to stabilize man made slopes in residual and saprolitic soils. The only types of soils that soil nailing cannot be applied are very loose sands and very soft clays.

Construction method and soil nailing application. Soil nailing walls have been employed to stabilize natural slopes or excavations. In this case，the reinforcement is installed in stages as the excavation progresses， typically in 1 to 2 m deep excavation stages. The maximum excavation depth in each stage depends on the soil type and the inclination of the slope，which must be kept stable during the stage of excavation，until the reinforcement is in place and starts to mobilise its effects.

Installation of nails. Nails should be installed soon after excavation by driving or drilling. Nail driving has been in use for years for stabilizing the faces of tunnels in soils. Short nails， usually up to 3 m in length，are driven by percussion employing hand operated pneumatic hammers. This technique has been applied in temporary walls but should not be applicable to permanent structures due to lack of corrosion protection.

Nail driving is inadequate in soils containing boulders，in most hard residual soils and in all permanent structures， because the steel bar is unprotected against corrosion. Another disadvantage is the resulting lowsoil-nail friction，which ranges from 30 to 40 kPa in sands and with even lower values in clays.

The most common technique is similar to the installation of soil anchors，i. e. ，by drilling a 50 to 100 mm diameter hole，introducing a 20 to 32 mm diameter steel bar，followed by lowpressure grouting. This process leads to reasonably high unit soil-nail friction in which values greater than 100 kPa can easily be obtained in most soils.

Nail head details. Figure 13. 3 presents details of the nail heads for vertical or near vertical walls. In this case，the torque applied to the bolt and nut system applies a small loading of the order of 5 kN to each nail in order to maintain contact of the facing against the soil.

Figure 13. 3 Nail heads details for vertical or near vertical walls

In the stabilization of inclined slopes in which small diameter nails ( less than 20 mm in diameter) are used，a second type shown in Figure 13. 4a is frequently preferred. The steel bar is laterally bent at right angles to anchor the mesh and shotcrete.

Figure 13. 4b shows details of the nail head extensively used in Hong Kong for inclined slopes. The nail head is embedded in a cast-in-place concrete plate excavated in niche behind the slope face.

Figure 13. 4 Nail head details for inclined slopes

The slope facing. Shotcrete is the standard type of facing in soil-nailed structures，contrary to most tieback walls where standard concrete is utilized. Shotcrete can be applied through dry or wet mix. For small jobs，such as soil nailed walls，the dry mix is preferred.

The thickness of the facing varies between 50 to 150 mm with one or two steel meshes embedded in the shotcrete. Thinner facings are generally used on inclined slopes; thicker，for vertical permanent excavations.

In the last years there has been a considerable progress in the use of steel fibre reinforced shotcrete ( SFRS) ，which presents advantages in relation to the use of mesh reinforcement.

Fibres are high tensile strength steel elements having 30 － 50 mm in length and 0. 5 mm in diameter with hooked ends that are mixed in the concrete as an aggregate with a dosage in the range of 35 to 60 kg / m3. It can be used in either dry or wet sprayed concrete mix. Fibres have no effect in the compressive strength of the concrete，but increase ductility，enabling to take into account flexural tensile strength. The final SFRS product is a homogeneous material with increased crack and corrosion resistance. SFRS saves labour for mesh placement and saves total concrete volume in relation to mesh-reinforced shotcrete. SFRS complies with soil or rock surface irregularities，saving total concrete volume，as compared to the use of a steel mesh. It is expected that SFRS will replace most steel meshes today employed for slope stabilization and soil nailing.

Comparison with tieback walls. Although there are some similarities in the construction technique between a soil nailed and a tieback wall，significant conceptual differences exist，as shown in Figure 13. 5. Anchors are pre-stressed with high loads that may vary between 150 to 400 kN，while on nails only a very small pre-tension of the order of 5 to 10 kN is applied to ensure contact of the facing against the soil behind.

Anchors have a free length，in contrast to nails which transfer load by friction against the soil along their entire length.

Figure 13. 5 Comparison between tieback and soil nailed wall T_max—Maximum tension force

The concrete facing of a tieback wall is in general 200 to 300 mm thick，being designed to support high anchor loads. On the other hand，loads on the facing applied by nails are much smaller leading to thinner facings.

Most tieback walls in Brazil are designed with a vertical facing to avoid problems that may occur when pouring concrete in inclined formwork. Shotcreting，on the other hand，can be accomplished in any direction. It is，therefore，possible to take advantage of the existing slope and to design inclined soil nailed wall. This may reduce excavations.

The length of nails is 60% to 120% of the depth of a vertical excavation. Soil anchors tend to be longer.

Most failures in residual soils take place in shallowdepths，and soil nailing together with deep and surface drainage can be a very economical solution. However，there are a fewcases in which the failure surface is so deep that it may be more appropriate to employ long soil anchors.

Comparison with reinforced walls. Soil nailing is conceptually very similar to geosynthetic reinforced walls or the reinforced earth technique. The main difference is in the construction process. Soil nailed walls are constructed from the top down， whereas geosynthetic or reinforced earth walls are constructed upwards. This leads to a different pattern of soil displacements，as shown in Figure 13. 6.

Figure 13. 6 Comparison between soil nailing and reinforced earth

Advantages of soil nailing. Soil nailing presents the following advantages that has contributed to the widespread of this technique in several countries:

·Economy: economical evaluation of a fewprojects has led to the conclusion that soil nailing is definitely a cost-effective technique as compared with a tieback wall. Cost of soil nailing may be 50% of a tieback wall.

·Rate of construction: fast rates of construction can be achieved if adequate drilling equipment is employed. Shotcrete is also a rapid technique for placement of the facing.

·Facing inclination: as mentioned before，the use of shotcrete easily accommodates an inclined facing，with benefits to overall stability. Backwards inclination of the facing also reduces shotcrete losses due to rebound.

·Deformation behaviour: observation of actual nailed structures demonstrated that horizontal deformation at the top of the wall ranges from 0. 1% to 0. 3% of the wall height for well designed walls.

·Design flexibility: a flexible soil nailed wall can be incorporated with soil anchors in order to limit deformation in the vicinity of existing structures or foundations.

·Design reliability in saprolitic soils: saprolitic soils frequently present relict weak surfaces which can be undetected during site investigation. Soil nailing across these surfaces may lead to an increased factor of safety and increased reliability，as compared with other stabilization solutions.

Limitations of soil nailing. Soil nailing technique mobilizes soil strength and the soil mass deforms，leading to displacements in the surroundings of the wall. This can bring unacceptable deformation to a sensitive structure in the vicinity of the wall. Placement of the shotcrete requires that the excavated face be free-standing for a period of time. Corrosion protection requires careful attention in aggressive environments.

Examples of soil nailing.

In 1984，at Icaraf Beach，a 35 m high vertical cut in gneiss saprolites was constructed for the construction of a high apartment building. A tieback wall with soil anchors supported the lower 18 m of the cut. The upper wall consisted of a soil-nailed structure inclined 75° backwards with 6 to 9 m long，25 mm diameter，steel bar nails in 90 mm diameter boreholes. The spacing was 1. 5 m in both vertical and horizontal directions. The shotcrete facing was 150 mm thick，reinforced with two steel meshes.

At the end of the construction a fewcracks were observed at the crest of the slope. They were filled with cement grout and no additional signs of deformation were observed.

Slope stabilization in phyllite at the abutment of a railway bridge. Figure 13. 7 shows a 26 m high railway bridge abutment that was stabilized by nailing. Local soils consisted of severely structured phyllites with bedding planes dipping in the direction of the slope. Soil wedge failures occurred and led to the decision to stabilize it by 25 mm diameter steel bar nails in 75 mm diameter boreholes. Vertical spacing was 2 m and horizontal spacing was 2. 5 m. Nail length varied from 10 to 25 m. The shotcrete facing was inclined backwards at an angle of 75° and its thickness was 50 mm.

Figure 13. 7 Slope stabilization by nailing at a railway abutment in phyllites，Sao Paulo，Brazil

homo milk是什么意思

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action,情节 v.起诉,行动
active,n. 主动语态/积极分子,一.积极的
affinity,类似,亲密关系
alpine,高山的,阿尔卑斯山的
appropriate,v.挪用(公款),适当的
aptitude, 天资智能,趋向适合性
assembly,n.会议/立法机构,集合
association,联想,联合协会
back,支持,向后
calculus,结石,微积分学
climate,思潮,气候
coach,长途汽车/私人教师,四轮大马车
colony,菌落,殖民地
component,元件零件,成份
concern,n.公司,关心
condition,v.调节,n.条件
consistent,坚实的浓厚的,一致-》总是
construction,意义释义,建筑
curve,v.弄弯/转弯,曲线
deposits,存款,沉淀
disposition,处理/性情,布置
document,证件 v.证明,文件文献
draft,征兵/挑选,草图
drill,钻/耕种,训练
element,自然力/暴风雨,
elementary,元素的/自然力的,初步
elevate,n.选修课,a.选举人的
employ,利用,雇用
estimable,值得尊重的,可估计的
estimable ,值得尊重的,可估计的
exceptionable,要不得的,《-贬义
exceptional,优越的,异常的
exploit,剥削,开发
extract,开方,拉出
fine,a.纤细 n.v.罚款,好
fix,"准备,安排",
flat,断然的/萧条的,平的
foreigner,外来动植物,外国人
frame,v.陷害,n.框架
given,假设的/签订的,约定的
head,v.率领,头
homo,同性恋/人类,同
house,v.容纳,n.房
humor,n.心境v.纵容,n.幽默i
husband,v.节俭,n.丈夫
investigate,研究,调查
invite,诱使招致,邀请
inviting,a.诱惑人的吸引人的
issue,v.发出,n.发行
atitude,行动自由的程度,纬度
line,行业；职业 v.使起皱纹,兴趣范围
lines,台词/诗
litter,一窝小崽/担架/v.乱扔,杂乱
loom,"v.隐现,迫近",织布机
lunatic,疯人,lunar
makeup,补考,化妆品
mean,卑鄙的,平均的
milk,榨取(金钱),奶
mill,工厂,碾磨器
movement,乐章/韵律,活动
normal,师范的,正常的/垂直的7
novel,a.新颖的,小说
operation,调运/演习,操作
optimum,最好最佳最有利的,不是乐观主义
horbit,势力范围,轨道
organic,有机的,器官的
parts,才华才能,
peak,v.消瘦,峰值
picture,v.(生动地)描述,绘画
pine,v.憔悴,松树
plant,工厂,植物
possess,疯狂的/鬼迷心窍的,占有的
possession,着魔,财产
presume,滥用(+on),假定
prevail,劝说 (+在)之上,盛行
prevailing ,主要的,盛行的
produce,n.农产品,生产
quarter,"弦,如上弦月/慈悲",四分之一
quarters,寓所
rail,v.咒骂(+at),轨道
rate,v.斥责/认为/评价/值得,率
religious,认真的,宗教的
rent,裂缝,租金
resource,安慰/智谋/消遣,资源
resourceful,足智多谋的,
retreat,n.隐退处,v.撤退
rotate,轮流交替循环,旋转
run,v. 管理a.熔化的,v.n. 跑
safety,a. 保险的,安全
scale,爬/鳞,比例/规模
score,乐谱/理由,划线/得分
season,v.使适应/缓和/调味,n.季节
secure,v.获得/紧闭,安全的
sensation,引起轰动的人或事,知觉
serve,v.发球,
sheet,床单,一页
slim,"渺茫的(希望,可能)",苗条
sort,分类,排序
sound,a.坚实的；稳固的,声音
speculate,投机,推测
station,v.驻扎/配置,车站
technique,技巧,方法
through,由于,经过
tools,方法手段,工具
trace,足迹/踪迹,小径
track,v.n.跟踪,小路/铁轨/磁道
trait,少许(+of),特点
fverse,诗,不是“转
weather,v.风化,n.天气
willow,丧,柳 22518希望对你有帮助！