diverse population（抗体 antibody 用英文解释一下，需要医科专业人士帮忙）

本文目录

• 抗体 antibody 用英文解释一下，需要医科专业人士帮忙
• 介绍你自己英文
• 我想要一篇关于 纽约 介绍的英文文章
• 用population造句

抗体 antibody 用英文解释一下，需要医科专业人士帮忙

抗体是B细胞接受抗原刺激后增殖分化为浆细胞所产生的能与抗原发生特异性结合并且具有多种免疫功能的糖蛋白。

An antibody is a glycoprotein that can perform specific binding with antigen and has many immunologic functions; it is a plasma cell produced by B-cells after being subject to antigenic stimulation and through a process of proliferation and differentiation.

顺便提供更详细的资料给您： 

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteriaand viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.

Antibodies are secreted by a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is only found on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells, or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is
necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.

Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypesbased on which heavy chain they
possess. Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.

Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of genesegments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in
this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switchingthat changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by several different parts of the immune system.

Forms

The membrane-bound form of an antibody may be called a surface immunoglobulin (sIg) or a membrane immunoglobulin (mIg). It is part of the B cell receptor (BCR), which allows a B cell to detect when a specific antigen is present in the body and triggers B cell activation. The
BCR is composed of surface-bound IgD or IgM antibodies and associated Ig-α and Ig-β heterodimers, which are capable of signal transduction. A typical human B cell will have 50,000 to 100,000 antibodies bound to its surface. Upon antigen binding, they cluster in large patches, which can exceed 1 micrometer in diameter, on lipid rafts that isolate the BCRs from most other cell signaling receptors. These patches may improve the efficiency of the cellular immune response. In humans, the cell surface is bare around the B cell receptors for several hundred nanometers, which further isolates the BCRs from competing influences.

Function

Further information: Immune system Activated B cells differentiate into either antibody-producing cells called plasma cells that secrete soluble antibody or memory cells that
survive in the body for years afterward in order to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures.

At the prenatal and neonatal stages of life, the presence of antibodies is provided by passive immunization from the mother. Early endogenous antibody production varies for different kinds of antibodies, and usually appear within the first years of life. Since antibodies exist freely in the bloodstream, they are said to be part of the humoral immune system. Circulating antibodies are produced by clonal B cells that specifically respond to only one antigen (an example is a virus capsid proteinfragment). Antibodies contribute to immunity in three ways: they prevent
pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them; they stimulate removal of pathogens by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen; and they trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses such as the complement
pathway.

Natural antibodies

Humans and higher primates also produce “natural antibodies” which are present in serum before viral infection. Natural antibodies have been defined as antibodies that are produced without any previous infection, vaccination, other foreign antigen exposure or passive immunization. These antibodies can activate the classical complement pathway leading to lysis of enveloped virus particles long before the adaptive immune response is activated. Many natural antibodies are directed against the disaccharide galactose α(1,3)-galactose
(α-Gal), which is found as a terminal sugar on glycosylated cell surface proteins, and generated in response to production of this sugar by bacteria contained in the human gut. Rejection of xenotransplantated organs is thought to be, in part, the result of natural antibodies circulating in the serum of the recipient binding to α-Gal antigens expressed on the donor tissue.

介绍你自己英文

介绍你自己英文如下：

Hello, everyone. Allow me to introduce myself. My name is , and I’m here to share a little bit about who I am.

I was born and raised in , a bustling city known for its vibrant culture and diverse population. Growing up in such a dynamic environment has shaped me into an open-minded and adaptable individual.

From a young age, I have always been passionate about learning and exploring new things. This curiosity has fueled my desire to pursue knowledge in various fields. I completed my early education at , where I developed a strong foundation in critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

After finishing high school, I embarked on a journey to further my education at , but also equips me with the skills needed to thrive in a constantly evolving world.

During my time in university, I actively engaged in extracurricular activities to broaden my horizons and develop new skills. I participated in a range of clubs and organizations, including , where I had the opportunity to collaborate with others and contribute to meaningful projects. These experiences enabled me to sharpen my teamwork, leadership, and communication skills.

Apart from academics, I am an avid reader and enjoy immersing myself in a variety of genres, from classic literature to contemporary fiction. Reading not only helps me expand my knowledge, but it also serves as a source of inspiration for my own writing.

Speaking of writing, I have always had a passion for expressing myself through words. Whether it’s writing articles, stories, or poetry, I find immense joy in weaving words together to create a meaningful narrative. Writing allows me to explore different perspectives, share ideas, and evoke emotions in others.

In addition to writing, I also have a keen interest in travel and experiencing different cultures. Exploring new destinations, trying local cuisines, and immersing myself in different customs and traditions allows me to broaden my horizons and develop a greater appreciation for the world we live in.

As for my future aspirations, I aim to continue expanding my knowledge and skills in . I am eager to explore opportunities that allow me to contribute to society and make a positive impact on the lives of others. Whether it’s through research, writing, or working in a team, I am committed to lifelong learning and personal growth.

In conclusion, I am a curious, adaptable, and passionate individual who believes in the power of education, writing, and cultural exploration. I am excited to embark on new adventures and embrace the challenges that come my way. Thank you for taking the time to get to know me.

译文

大家好。请允许我自我介绍一下。我的名字是，我在这里分享一点关于我是谁。

我在出生和长大，这是一个繁华的城市，以其充满活力的文化和多样化的人口而闻名。在这样一个充满活力的环境中成长，使我成为一个思想开放、适应性强的人。

从很小的时候起，我就一直热衷于学习和探索新事物。这种好奇心激发了我追求各个领域知识的愿望。我在完成了早期教育，在那里我在批判性思维和解决问题的能力方面打下了坚实的基础。

高中毕业后，我踏上了在的热情，而且还使我具备了在不断发展的世界中茁壮成长所需的技能。

在大学期间，我积极参与课外活动，以拓宽视野并发展新技能。我参加了一系列俱乐部和组织，包括，在那里我有机会与他人合作并为有意义的项目做出贡献。这些经历使我能够提高我的团队合作、领导能力和沟通技巧。

除了学术之外，我还是一个狂热的读者，喜欢沉浸在从古典文学到当代小说的各种体裁中。阅读不仅帮助我扩展知识，而且还是我自己写作的灵感来源。

说到写作，我一直热衷于通过文字表达自己。无论是写文章、故事还是诗歌，我都能找到将文字编织在一起以创造有意义的叙事的巨大乐趣。写作让我能够探索不同的观点，分享想法，唤起他人的情感。

除了写作，我还对旅行和体验不同的文化有着浓厚的兴趣。探索新的目的地，尝试当地美食，沉浸在不同的习俗和传统中，使我拓宽视野，对我们生活的世界有更大的欣赏。

至于我未来的愿望，我的目标是继续扩展我在方面的知识和技能。我渴望探索机会，使我能够为社会做出贡献，并对他人的生活产生积极影响。无论是通过研究、写作还是团队合作，我都致力于终身学习和个人成长。

总之，我是一个好奇、适应性强、充满激情的人，相信教育、写作和文化探索的力量。我很高兴能开始新的冒险，迎接我遇到的挑战。感谢您抽出宝贵时间了解我。

我想要一篇关于 纽约 介绍的英文文章

• 你这得抄到什么时候啊？

• New York纽约
  A huge suspension bridge, the second largest span in the world, now crosses the Verrazanon Narrows through which every ship must pass on its way to New York Harbor and the docks along side the banks of the Hudson River.Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian explorer, was the first person to approach these narrows, while searching for a northwest passage to the Pacific in 1524.He paused, but decided there was no point in exploring any further.The English explorer, Henry Hudson, was the first to sail into New York Harbor(in 1609) and up the river to which he gave his name.He, too, was looking for a passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
  The English, however, were not the first to colonize New York.The Dutch bought Manhattan Island from the Indians for what today would be the equivalent of＄24!They named it New Amsterdam.In 1653 New Amsterdam had a population of 800. The Dutch discovered that the island’s soil lay on hard rock, while much of the land between the island and the coastal strip was swamp.They filled the swamp with their garbage and so created what is today Brooklyn. They also improved the soil of the northern area, now known as the Bronx.
  In 1664 the English and the Dutch went to war.New Amster dam was seized by the English fleet, and finally, in 1674, it became an English colony.It was renamed New York.The Dutch and English colonists got on well together, sharing the same spirit of independence.They were both fiercely separatist in the American Revolution, and fought side by side against the British.
  After the war, New York became the first capital of the Unit ed States, being already the largest city in North America.By the end of the 18th century it had a population of 60 thousand, but it grew rapidly during the 19th century thanks to the millions of im migrants who landed there.However, New York did not remain the capital for long.In 1793 the foundation of a new capital city was laid by Washington, and the Americans called their new capital Washington, after their great leader.New York, however, became one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world and has at present a population of more than 8 million.
  Modern New York is an exciting city.The architecture of Manhattan, with its soaring skyscrapers, is not soulless, as many foreigners imagine.The materials used-copper, stainless steel, con crete and glass--give the buildings a striking beauty.The long av enues, broad and straight, lined with expensive stores and massive apartment houses, impress by their scale alone.So does Central Park whose trees and rocks and lakes almost give the impression of a wilderness.
  New York is an impressive place for those who love the arts.Its museums and numerous art galleries, the concerts, opera and ballet performed at the Lincoln Center, the theaters on and off Broadway and in Greenwich Village, make it one of the world’s centers of the arts.
  New York, of course, has other faces less attractive.The poor districts of the city have some of the worst slums in the U.S.A., and it is not safe for a white person to walk in the black ghettos of Harlem and the Bronx.Its crime rate is among the highest in the western world.
  The narrow canyon of Wall Street, right down on the tip of Manhattan, is the center of New York’s business world, whose power full influence is felt by countries everywhere.New York has what many people consider to be the finest daily newspaper in the English language--the New York Times.
  Many foreigners mistakenly believe that Manhattan is New York, whereas Manhattan is just one of New York’s five bor oughs. It is not the largest.The Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens are now larger than Manhattan, leaving only far away Richmond, on the other side of the Verrazano Narrows, with a smaller popula tion.These four boroughs have been called the“bedrooms” of Manhattan, because most of their residents work in Manhattan.
  New York’s boroughs are still divided up into neighborhoods, and moving from one to another is still rather like moving from one country to another.
  New York is a city of bridges and tunnels, for both Manhattan and Richmond are islands and the city as a whole has a waterfront of 520 miles.

用population造句

population造句如下：

1. The population of the city has been steadily increasing over the past decade. （这座城市的人口在过去的十年里稳步增长。）

2. The government is concerned about the aging population and its impact on the economy. （政府担心人口老龄化对经济的影响。）

3. The population of endangered species is decreasing at an alarming rate. （濒危物种的数量正在以惊人的速度减少。）

4. The country’s population is expected to reach 1 billion by 2050. （预计到2050年，该国的人口将达到10亿。）

5. The city has a diverse population with people from all over the world. （这座城市有着来自世界各地的多元化人口。）

population解析如下：

一、读音

英式发音：/ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən/

美式发音：/ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən/

二、释义

n. 人口；居民；种群

三、词形变化

复数：populations

四、常用短语

1. population density 人口密度
   

2. population growth 人口增长
   

3. population control 人口控制
   

五、用法

1. population的基本意思是“人口”,还可指居住在某地的“全体居民”,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式; 在表示人口“多”“少”时,用large和small修饰。特指某一地区或某一国家的“人口”时,则前常加冠词the。

2. population用作可数名词,表示一个地区的“特定人群”“动物群”时,其前常加定冠词the。

3. population是集合名词,有时可加不定冠词,有时可用复数形式。

六、例句

1. What is the population of this country?
   这个国家的人口是多少？

2. The density of population in this city is very high.
   这个城市的人口密度非常高。

3. There has been a steady decrease in population in this city.
   这个城市的人口在持续下降。

4. We have a growing population and therefore we need more food.
   我们的人口在增长，因此我们需要更多的食物。

5. The invaders prevailed over the native population.
   入侵者打败了土著居民。

6. The population seemd to be well fed and clothed.
   全体居民好像是丰衣足食。