sufficient巧记(by 和on 的用法)

本文目录
by 和on 的用法
介词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳:
一、by+地点名词。表方位,意为:“在…旁边”。如:by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。
She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶,然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。
After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海·春)晚饭后,她常坐在火旁,有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。
注:有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。
As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形)当我们这些男生冲向操场时,吉姆从桌旁溜过。
二、by+时间名词。意为:“到…时(已发生某事),此时谓语多用完成时;最晚、不迟于…,在…之前”。如:by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock等。
By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海·春)到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。
The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开,所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。
1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。如:by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。
Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。
In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里,烟叶按捆卖,鸡蛋按打卖,盐按磅卖。
2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词)。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。如:by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。
As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知,行李的运费是按重量计算的。
3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。意为:“通过…,由…,乘…”。如by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。(on foot)
It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。
“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢?”
4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。意为:“靠…,通过…,由…所致”。如:by skill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。
Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002阅读)虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找,但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气,找到了它。
I made a coat with my own hands.It was made by hand,not by machine. 我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的,而不是机器织的。
5、by+ 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径,意为:“通过(某物、某地),取道…”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。
The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。
6、by+动词—ing.意为:“通过…,靠…,凭…”。如:by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。
He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。
Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的,同样,大脑是靠学习开发的。
四、by+数量词。
1、表升降、增减的程度。如:by one-fifth/20 percent/£3/two feet等。
With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。
The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。
2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如:by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。
Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002上海)幸运地是,那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。
The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。
五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分,常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如:by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。
The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。
六、by的常见短语:
by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/take…by surprise/learn…by heart/what do you mean by …/by my watch等。
关于On的用法:
(1) 作介词:
1. 表示位置:在……上
Mary’s coat is on the desk .
They’re going to work on a farm .
There are many apples on the trees .
I have them on this piece of paper .
There was a big smile on her face .
Jim and Li Lei meet on the road outside Li Lei’s house .
Which channel is it on ?
2. 表示时间:在……(天)
Everyone eats mooncakes on Mid-Autumn Day .
They arrived early on a Tuesday morning .
I eat mooncakes on that day .
I was born on February 18 , 1981 .
Either Tuesday or Wednesday is OK . I’ll be free on these days .
3. 关于……
In the library she has got books on many different subjects .
(2) 作副词,与动词连用,构成短语:
1. come on跟我来,加油
“Come on !”they shouted .
2. get on上(车)
Let’s get on the bus .
3. get on with(sb. )与(某人相处)
Usually we get on very well with each other .
4. go on继续
Autumn starts in August , and goes on to October .
Go on until you reach the end .
5. hold on(for a moment)别挂断电话,等一等
A : Hello ! Could I speak to the headmaster , please ?
B : Hold on for a moment , please . I’m sorry , he isn’t here right now . May I help you ?
6. put on穿上,戴上,上演
Put it on , please Lily .
Don’t be late——oh , and put on your old clothes .
7. try on试穿(衣服),试试看
Shall I ask the shopkeeper if I can try it on ?
8. turn on开,旋开(电灯,无线电等)
I turned on the radio .
Turn it on .
9. pass on传递
They both passed on their sticks at the same time .
10. go on with(sth. )继续做……
They went on with their work .
11. walk on继续走
Walk on and turn left .
(3) A. 作介词,与动词连用,构成短语:
1. go on继续
He quickly got up and went on running .
2. spend … on在……花费
I like writing to my penfriend , but I can’t spend much time on it .
3. keep on继续
I kept on thinking about the match in the afternoon .
4. knock on敲
The boy is knocking on the door .
5. work on致力于
He works on the Great Green Wall with many other people .
Please tell Mr. Hu that I am working hard on my Chinese .
6. live on靠……为生
They lived on potatoes .
7. call on访问,拜访
I called on you .
B. 作介词,与名词连用,构成短语:
1. on foot走路,步行
I see you’re on foot today .
2. on the / one’s way to在途中,在路上
On her way home she bought a new pen at a shop .
3. on time 准时;不早不晚
You must always return your library book on time.
4. on duty值日
Who’s on duty today .
5. on show展览;陈列
They saw many old things on show in glass-topped tables .
6. on(the)earth在地球上
Two thousand years ago , there were only 250 million people on the earth .
7. on the left/ right在左(右)边
Walk along this road and take the fourth turning on left .
8. on the radio通过收音机,以无线电的方式
She said that she heard a very interesting programme on the radio .
9. on TV通过电视,以电视的形式
We can watch a football match on TV .
10. on top of在……上面(顶部)
Can you see much grass on top of the rock ?
11. on the team在队里
Neither of them is on the team .
12. on a visit在访问
Xia Yi is on a visit to England .
13. on fire着火
The building is on fire .
14. on holiday休假,度假
You and your family are away on holiday .
15. on sale出售
The meat is on sale in the market.
(4) 其他
1. and so on等等
There are different kinds of vegetables in the shop , such as tomatoes , potatoes , carrots , peas , cabbages and so on .
2. on and on继续,不断
They talked on and on very happily .
3. from now on从此以后,今后
Please be more careful from now on .
4. later on过后,以后
The radio says the rain will stop later on
enough的用法
enough adj,足够的,修饰可数名词或不可数名词,可以放在名词前面,也可以放在名词后面;adv,足够地,修饰形容词、副词、动词,并放在其后。
Enough 可当限定词、代名词和副词用,意为「足够(的/地)」,其主要句型为enough for somebody/something、enough to do something 及enough for somebody/something to do something。
Enough 当限定词时后接复数可数名词或不可数名词。例如:
The conference room has enough seats for everyone. (会议室有足够的座位给每个人坐)
Enough 当代名词意为「足够;太多」,其后经常接「of + 受格代名词或特指的名词」(所谓特指的名词,就是名词的前面加上the, that, this, these, those或所有格,如my, John’s 等等)。例如:
A: Have you had enough? (A:吃饱了吗?)
B: Yes, thanks. (B:吃饱了,谢谢)
扩展资料:
adj(形容词)
Sufficient to meet a need or satisfy a desire; adequate:
充足的:足以满足需要或愿望的;充足的:
enough work to keep us all busy.See Synonyms at sufficient
足够多的让我们大家全都忙碌的工作参见 sufficient
pron(代词)
An adequate number or quantity:
数目足够,数量充足:
“The Gods above should give,/They have enough and we do poorly live”(Henry David Thoreau)
“天上的神祉应该赐予/因他们富足而我们却贫苦度日”(亨利·戴维·索罗)
adv(副词)
To a satisfactory amount or degree; sufficiently:
足够地,充分地:数量或程度上令人满意地;足够地:
Is the fish cooked enough?
鱼做的火候够吗?
Very; fully; quite:
很;十分;充分地:
We were glad enough to leave.
我们很高兴离开
Tolerably; rather:
尚可;相当:
She sang well enough,but the show was a failure.
她演唱得算好的了,但演出却是个失败
interj(感叹词)
Used to express impatience or exasperation:
用以表达不耐烦或恼怒:
You’ve been practicing the violin all afternoon.Enough!
你整个下午都在练小提琴.够了!
医学英语快速记忆-后缀
后缀在缀合法中只起改变词性的作用,不改变词根的含意。现将常用后缀分一般英语后缀及医学英语后缀两部分来说明。因词性不同、后缀可分为名词性、形容词等。
一、名词性后缀
1、-age为抽象名词后缀,表示行为,状态和全体总称,percentage百分数,百分率,voltage电压,伏特数,lavage灌洗,洗胃,gavage强饲法,curettage刮除法,shortage不足,缺少。
2、-cy表示抽象名词,accuracy准确,精确度,infancy婴儿期。
3、-ence、-ance表示性质和动作,difference不同, interference干扰,干预,influence影响,感化,occurrence发出,出现,violence激烈,暴力,existence 存在,significance意义,意味。
4、-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀,deficiency不足,不全,tendency趋势,趋向,frequency频率,pregnancy妊娠,emergency紧急,急救,fluency流利,流畅, sufficiency足够,充足,constancy坚定,经久不变。
5、-er表示……人、……者,diameter直径,receiver接收者,接受者,carrier携带者,beginner初学者,创始人,reader读者,shutter 快门,goiter甲状腺肿。
6、-ics 表示……科学,paediatrics儿科学,psychiatrics精神病学,obstetrics产科学,orthopedics矫形科学,otology耳科学。
7、-ian表示人称名词,physician医师,内科医师,technician技术员,obstetrician产科医师。
8、-ication由动词变化而来的抽象名词,常译为……化,simplification简化,calcification钙化,classification分类,分级,communication交流,交往。
9、-ing由动词变化而来的动名词,nursing护理,typing分型,分类,mapping绘制……图,bleeding出血,vomiting呕吐,softening变软,functioning使器官活动,使器官有功能,positioning把……放在适当的位置,matching和……相配,imaging成像。
10、-ion由动词构成的名词,occasion偶然原因,近因,时机,division分割,分开,vision视力,视觉,distortion扭曲,变形。
11、-ism表示制度,主义及现象等的抽象名词,mechanism机理,机制,autism孤独性。
12、-ist表示人称名词,specialist专家,internist内科医生,paediatrist儿科学家,biologist生物学家,economist经济学家,chemist化学家。
13、-ization由动词构成的抽象名词,recanalization再管化,再通化,immunization免疫法,预防接种,organization组织,机构,机化,hospitalization住院,normalization正常化,ketonization酮基化作用。
14、-logy表示学科,morphology形态学, histology组织学,neurology神经学,embryology胚胎学,radiology放射学,proctology直肠学。
15、-ment表示动作,行为或具体事物,measurement测量,量度,experiment实验,instrument仪器,器械,integument体被,皮肤,segment节段,fragment片段,断片,碎片,replacement替代,置换,increment增长,增殖,development发育,显影,movement动作,活动,ligament韧带,equipment器材,装置,设备,improvement改善。
16、-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词,tenderness触痛, hardness坚硬,thickness厚度,effectiveness有效,usefulness有用的,coldness寒冷,dampness 潮湿,darkness黑暗,shallowness浅,brightness明亮。
17、-or表示……人,……物,inhibitor抑制物,doctor医生,monitor监视器,donor给血者,供体,director主任,factor因素。
18、-ry表示集合名词,laboratory实验室,chemistry化学。
19、-ship表示状态,relationship关系,联系,interrelationship相互关系,相互联系。
20、-th由形容词构成名词,length长度,width宽度,depth深度,truth真理。
21、-ty表示性质,rigidity强直,僵硬,speciality特征,专业,responsibility责任,责任心,capacity容量,智能,能力,mortality死亡率,morbidity发病率,safety安全性,conductivity传导性,permeability渗透性,property性质,plenty 丰富,unity整体,统一性,obesity肥胖,similarity类似,相似。
22、-ure表示行为结果,failure衰竭,pressure压力,curvature弯曲,fissure裂隙,裂,puncture穿刺,rupture破裂,structure结构,seizure发作,nomenclature名称,术语。
二、形容词性后缀
1、-able表示可能的,可以的,excitable易兴奋的,acceptable易接受的,movable可移动的,alterable可改变的,可改动的,available可用的,可得到的,uncomfortable不舒的。
2、-al表示有……的属性,regional 局部的natural自然的,special特别的,特殊的,spinal脊髓的,central中央的,vertebral脊柱的,cervical颈的,mural壁的,terminal末端的,typical典型的,digital手指的,数字的,temporal暂时的,短暂的,capital首要的,重要的,vocal有声的,声带的,several几个。
3、-ant有些是从动词派生来的,significant在意义的,persistent持久的,坚持的(从动词persist来的),resistant抵抗的,反抗的(自动词resist派生),important重要的,infant婴儿的,constant坚定的,持久的,permanent永久的。
4、-ar表示……特征的,……形状的,regular规则的,muscular肌肉的,circular环形的,圆的,annular环的。
5、-ary表示与……有关的,ordinary平常的,通常的,anniversary周年的,voluntary自愿的,随意的。
6、-ed用于名词加ed,转化为形容词,或动词过去分词作形容词,coded 加密码的(名词code加ed),colored加颜色的,deposited被沉淀的(由动词deposit加ed),curved使……弯曲的, limited有限的,lubricated滑润的,使滑润的,surrounded围住的,被围绕的。
7、-ent与-ant同类,consistent坚定的, different不同的,sufficient足够的,convenient便利的,方便的,evident明显的,fluent流利的,流畅的, efficient有效的,frequent常常的,频繁的。
8、-ful由名词构成形容词,useful有用的,successful成功的,plentiful丰富的,helpful有帮助的。
9、-ible与-able相同,visible可见的,irreversible不可逆的,impossible不可能的,inaudible听不见的。
10、-ic加在外来词根的名词上,构成形容词,specific特异的, magnetic磁性的,aerobic需氧的,pubic耻骨的,oxytocic催产的、催产剂,therapeutic治疗的,dramatic戏剧性的,icteric黄疸的,dynamic动力的,hemolytic溶血的。
11、-ish加在颜色的形容词上,表示略带……色,reddish带红色的,微红的,yellowish带黄色的,微黄的。
12、-ive由动词构成形容词,relative有关的,相关的(由动词 relate派生的),sensitive灵敏的,congestive充血性的,imaginative想象、富有想象力的,imitative摹仿的, repetitive重复的,reproductive生殖的,contractive收缩的,conservative保守的,circulative 循环的,effective有效的,invasive侵入性的。
13、-less表示没有……的,useless无用的,lifeless无生命的,hopeless绝望的、医治不好的,fruitless无效的、无益的。
14、-ory表示……性质的,属于……的,sensory感觉的,accessory附属的、附加的,circulatory循环的,urinary泌尿的,尿的。
15、-ous表示具有……的、有……特性的,dangerous有危险的, continuous在连续性的、连续的,serious严重的,various各种的,vigorous强有力的,aqueous水的, generous大量的,丰盛的,tremendous可怕的,惊人的,previous以前的,pervious能通过的、能穿过的。
三、动词性后缀
1、-ate多用于外来词构成动词,deviate背离、偏离, decelerate减速,accelerate加速,degenerate变性,operate操作,手术,defibrillate除颤, vibrate振动、颤动,migrate移动,angulate成角,anticipate预期、期望,abbreviate缩写,antecede 在……之前。
2、-en形容词构成动词,表示变、加、使……,weaken变弱、变衰弱,soften使……软化,thicken使……变厚,strengthen加强,shorten使……变短,wooden木制的,deepen加深、深化,harden使……变硬,lengthen使……延长,loosen放松、解开,quicken加快、刺激,roughen变粗糙,lighten 减轻,sharpen变尖锐。
3、-ize加在形容词或名词上,表示……化,neutralize中和,standardize标准化,mineralize矿物质化,repolarize复极化,depolarize去极化,sensitize致敏,metastasize转移。
四、副词性后缀
1、-ly由形容构成的副词,最为常用,表示……地,simultaneously同时地,concurrently同时地,widely广泛地,exclusively专用地、唯一地,scarcely仅仅、刚刚,immediately立即。
2、-ward(s)加在前置词上,构成副词,表示方向,backward(s)向后,upward(s)向上。
quality 和quantity怎么有效区分
quality 和quantity这样有效区分:
一、表达的意思不同
quality是形容质量,quantity是形容数量。
二、用法不同
1、quantity一般都在前面加定冠词the,还可以加不定冠词a,a quantity of表示大量的。
如加定冠词the的例句:
Everyone can greatly improve the quality of life.
每个人都可以大大改善生活质量。
2、quality前面不能加不定冠词。
如quantity的例句:
Cheap goods are available, but not in sufficient quantities to satisfy demand
有一些廉价的商品,但是数量不足以满足需求。
扩展资料:
quality的读音是英。
quality作为名词时的意思有质量,品质; 美质,优点; 才能,能力,技能,素养;品种。
作为形容词时的意思有优质的,高质量的;上流社会的。
quality的同义词有以下:
condition意思是条件,情况;
excellence意思是优秀,卓越;
superiority意思是优越性,优势;
worth意思是价值,财富;
speciality意思是专长。
quantity的读音是英。
quantity,英文单词,名词,作名词时意思为量,数量;大量;总量。
quantity的近义词有amount,number,sum。这些名词均有“总数、总量”之意。
quantity是书面用词,指事物的总量和总数量,侧重大批计量,含准确测量的意味。
amount是普通用词,与quantity近义,但强调整体,指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
number是普通用词,指人或物的数目,强调数的概念。
sum是普通用词,指简单加算的结果。
百度百科-quantity

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